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Wilderness Peacemaking
Steve Beyer

Introduction
The Peacemaking Perspective
Sacred Gifts
The Role of Stress
Controlling Your Own Stress
Preventing Loss of Control
The Ways We Communicate
Nonthreatening Approach

The Stress Trajectory
Appropriate Responses
Signs of Distress
Verbal Aggression
Physical Attack
Collapse and Reintegration
Conclusion
References

References

Baldwin, C. (1998). Calling the circle: The first and future culture. New York, NY: Bantam Books.

Bane, M. (2000). Trail safe: Averting threatening human behavior in the outdoors. Berkeley, CA: Wilderness Press.

Berman, D. S., Davis-Berman, J.,& Gillen, M. (1998). Behavioral and emotional crisis management in adventure education. The Journal of Experiential Education, 21(2), 96-101.

Bluehouse, P., & Zion, J. (Summer 1993). Hozhooji Naat'aanii: The Navajo Justice and Harmony Ceremony. The Mediation Quarterly, 10(4), 328-331.

Department of the Army (1994). FM 22-51 Leader’s Manual for Combat Stress Control. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (available from http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/22-51/22-51_toc.htm, http://www.vnh.org/FM 22-51/01FM2251.html).

Department of the Army (1998). FM 8-51 Combat stress control in a theater of operations: Tactics, techniques, and procedures. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (available from http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/8-51/default.htmhttp://www.vnh.org/FM851/Booklet1.htm).

Distasio, C. (1994). Violence in health care: Institutional strategies to cope with the phenomenon. The Health Care Supervisor, 12(4), 1-34.

Fatt, J. P. T. (1999). It's not what you say it's how you say it. Communication World, 16(6), 37-40.

Garfield, C., Spring, C., & Cahill, S. (1998). Wisdom circles: A guide to self-discovery and community building in small groups. New York, NY: Hyperion.

Gill, S. (1982). Native American religions: An introduction. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Graham, J. (1997). Outdoor leadership: Technique, common sense & self-confidence. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers.

Griffin-Pierce, T. (1992). Earth is my Mother, Sky is my Father: Space, time, and astronomy in Navajo sandpainting. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.

Leach, J. (1995). Survival psychology. New York, NY: New York University Press.

LeResche, D. (Summer 1993). Editor's notes. The Mediation Quarterly, 10(4), 321-322.

Meredith, H. (1995). Dancing on common ground: Tribal cultures and alliances on the Southern Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.

Rohnke, K. (1984). Silver bullets: A guide to initiative problems, adventure games, and trust activities. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.

Rohnke, K. (1989). Cowstails and cobras II: A guide to games, initiatives, ropes courses and adventure curriculum. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.

Rohnke, K. (1994). The bottomless bag again (2nd ed.). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.

Rohnke, K., & Butler, S. (1995). Quicksilver: Adventure games, initiative problems, trust activities and a guide to effective leadership. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.

Ross, R. (1996). Returning to the teachings: Exploring Aboriginal justice. Toronto, ON: Penguin Books.

Siebert, A. (1996). The Survivor Personality. New York, NY: Berkley Publishing.

Sielski, L. M. (1979). Understanding Body Language. Personnel & Guidance Journal, 57(5), 238-242.

Swinomish Tribal Mental Health Project. (1991). A gathering of wisdoms: Tribal mental health, a cultural perspective. LaConner, WA: Swinomish Tribal Community.

Wink, W. (1992). Engaging the powers: Discernment and resistance in a world of domination. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.

Zimmerman, J., & Coyle, V. (1996). The way of council. Las Vegas, NV: Bramble Books.

Zion, J. (Fall 1997). Punishment versus healing: How does traditional Indian law work?. Justice as Healing, 2(3) (available at http://www.usask.ca/nativelaw/jah_zion.html).

Zion, J. (February 1998). The dynamics of Navajo peacemaking. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 14(1), 58-74 (available at http://www.realjustice.org/Pages/mn98papers/nacc_zio.html).

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